Author Type

Graduate Student

Date of Award

Summer 8-7-2026

Document Type

Dissertation

Publication Status

Version of Record

Submission Date

August 2026

Department

Biological Sciences

College Granting Degree

Charles E. Schmidt College of Science

Department Granting Degree

Biological Sciences

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis/Dissertation Advisor [Chair]

Ning Quan

Abstract

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a well-established mediator of neuroinflammation in the developing brain, yet nearly all prior work has focused on the ligand while overlooking its receptor, IL-1R1. Because IL-1β can only act on cells that express IL-1R1, the neurons competent to respond to IL-1β during development, and the timing of that competence, have remained undefined. This dissertation addresses that gap by mapping neuronal IL-1R1 (nIL-1R1) across postnatal development and testing its function in circuit maturation.

Using a genetic reporter mouse line, I generated the first brain-wide spatiotemporal map of nIL-1R1 expression during the first three postnatal weeks. Rather than the restricted pattern seen in adults, the developing brain displayed highly organized, region-specific dynamics. Sensory relay nuclei showed transient "on/off" expression whose timing tracked the critical period of each modality, with the somatosensory and auditory pathways preceding the later-maturing visual pathway, while the dentate gyrus (DG) showed a progressive inside-out expansion and the raphe nuclei remained stable. Using unilateral whisker deprivation and tetrodotoxin silencing in the whisker-to-barrel pathway, I showed that nIL-1R1 expression in the barrel cortex is regulated by sensory input, establishing it as an activity-dependent gene.

Building on this map, I examined the function of nIL-1R1 in the DG-to-CA3 mossy fiber circuit. Chronic developmental blockade of neuronal IL-1R1 signaling selectively redistributed microglial engulfment of presynaptic glutamatergic material toward nIL-1R1-negative terminals without changing overall phagocytic activity, revealing a synapse-specific role in pruning. Blockade also shifted mossy fiber terminal morphology toward an immature, complex profile, recapitulating the IL-1R1-null phenotype, whereas postsynaptic dendritic spines were unaffected— demonstrating a presynaptic, compartment-specific effect.

Together, these findings establish nIL-1R1 as an activity-dependent participant in the maturation of postnatal neural circuits and define which circuits are positioned to respond to IL-1β during development. This work provides a foundation for understanding how early-life cytokine dysregulation may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Available for download on Monday, August 07, 2028

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